THE GILDED AGE

Industrialization and Urbanization: The Gilded Age Part II

1865-1900

UNIT VIII: APUSH

(1.5 weeks)

Essential Questions (EQ)

Does industrialization bring about social, economical, and political improvements?

Reading Assignments

American History, Chapter 17

American History, Chapter 19

Free Response Question-- All outlines ( Iπll choose one.)

1. Labor unions made little progress towards the attainment of their goals, in the latter half of the nineteenth century. AVS.

2. Throughout its history the United States has been a land of refuge and opportunity for immigrants.≤ Assess the validity of this statement in view of the experiences of 1) the Irish in the 19th century urban Northeast, and 2) the Chinese in the 19th century West.

3. Were business leaders of the late 19^th-century greedy and unscrupulous ≥robber barons,≤ or were they successful, hardworking ≥captains of industry≤ whose entrepreneurial skill and tactics produced economic growth?

Major Assignments/Projects and Assessment (There will also be minor homework assignments and quizzes that are not mentioned on this sheet.)

Date to be completed

__________________ Unit 8 Exam Multiple Choice

__________________ All Outlines

__________________ Possible in class essay

Study terms for American History Chapter 17

Identify/Define and state the historical significance of:

Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy

Which technological innovations of the late nineteenth century were important for communication and business organization?

Which of the many tech. Advances of the late nineteenth century probably had the greatest impact on the every day life of the average city dweller?

What new methods developed for the large-scale production of durable steel? What were the principal American centers of steel production and ore extraction?

Bessemer, Kelly and Hewitt

Describe the beginnings of the oil industry in the US. What was the main use of petroleum at first?

Although the age of the automobile would not fully arrive until the 1920s, what developments of the 1890s and early 1900s laid the basis for the later boom?

Daimler, Duryea and Ford?

Stats on automobile numbers?

Wright Brothers?

Airplane research in France?

What were some of the early efforts at industrial research? (include scientists v. engineers)

Universities and research

Discuss Frederick Taylorπs influences. (assembly line, etc.)

How did the rapidly expanding railroads of this era contribute to the creation of modern corporate enterprise? What new approaches to management accompanied corporate development? Give stats of railroad mileage.

What legal and financial advantages does the corporation form of the enterprise offer to business and investors? (limited liability)

Compare and contrast the vertical and horizontal integration strategies of business combination. Which approaches did Carnegie and Rockefeller use? What ≥curse≤ of the business world was consolidation designed to attack?

JP Morgan and his practices.

Swift

Singer

What were the benefits of trusts and holding companies. Explain each.

Give stats on consolidation

What kept alive the ≥rags-to-riches≤ hopes of the American masses? How realistic were these dreams? Myth of the self-made man.

What attitudes in the moral climate of the Gilded Age allowed big business to use power ruthlessly? What were the positive and negative aspects of such ruthlessness?

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Erie War

Explain how Social Darwinism and classical economics complemented each other? How did the great industrialists react to these theories?

William Graham Sumner

Herbert Spencer

Carnegie and the Gospel of Wealth

Horatio Alger

Who were the leading proponents of vigorous governmental action to reform industrial society, and what vision did they have?

Henry George

Edward Bellamy

What caused the cycle of booms and busts that plagued the American economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? When were the two worst slumps?

Stats on immigration. Who were the new immigrants?

What happened to the standard of living of the average American worker in the late nineteenth century?

Americaπs new urban working class was drawn primarily from what two groups?

Contrast the traditional immigrants to the US wit those who came after the 1880s. Why were the new immigrants more likely to end up as factory workers?

Chinese Exclusion Act and ethnic tensions

Explain the hazards that industrial workers faced and the psychological adjustments that they had to make.

Why did industry increasingly employ women and children? How were they treated? (child employees?)

What was Americaπs first major labor conflict? What were in results?

NLU; rise and fall

Molly Maguires

National strike of 1877

Compare and contrast the organization, membership, leadership, and programs of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. (rise and fall of each) Why did the AFL succeed, while the Knights disappeared?

Compare and contrast the Haymarket riot, Homestead Strike and the Pullman Strike. What was the effect of each on the organized labor unit?

What four factors combined to help explain why organized labor remained relatively weak before WWI?

Are labor unions special interests that should be limited? Are they taking over? Discuss.

Eugene Debs

John P. Altgeld

What were some victories for labor?

Compare and contrast rural and urban population growth from 1860 to 1910. What was the attraction of the city, and what were the main sources of urban growth?

What accounts for the urban growth?

What about the migration of Southern blacks?

Once again, how did the immigrants of the 1890s and later differ from most of the earlier immigrants? What attracted them to the United States?

Describe the immigrant percentages in major cities.

How was the American city diverse?

What social institutions and community actions helped facilitate immigrantsπ adjustment to urban life in America? Which groups adapted especially well?

Donπt forget the importance of ethnic neighborhoods.

Which immigrants met the most resistance? Why?

Describe the effects/impacts of Americanization/assimilation.

What organizations and laws resulted from the resentment that many nativists felt toward the new immigrants? What effect did the laws have? Chinese Exclusion Act? The details should be known.

Why did Cleveland and other oppose literacy restrictions?

What were the arguments for public parks?

What did Olmsted and Claver Vaux do?

Public buildings?

What were the motives of wealthy Americans in supporting elements of high culture (Europeanization) of American cities?

Describe the City Beautiful Movement

Compare the residential patterns of the wealthy and moderately well-to-do urbanites with those of the majority. Suburbs, tenements, etc.

Jacob Riis? How the Other Half Lives. Heπs not writing about you.

Describe the evolution of urban transportation technology from omnibus to electric trolley. What impact did these new forms of transportation have on neighborhood development?

Go crazy with the Skyscraper. Louis Sullivan. Steel girders. Elevators.

Describe the hazards of fire, disease , and sanitation and the public and private responses to them. How did psychological strains accentuate these problems? Fire departments. I guarantee you that we will watch a clip from Gangs of New York for this. Bring it in Mann! OIL.

Public Health Service

Salvation Army

Rising crime. Increase in murder rates. Causes? Responses?

Sister Carrie

Describe the typical operation of a political machine. What were the positive as well as the negative aspects of boss rule in large cities?

What did the middle class think?

Competition with the machines?

Why did reformers so often fail to permanently oust boss and machine rule?

Describe the changes in income and purchasing power of the urban middle and working classes. Who made the greater gains?

How did mass marketing affect people?

How did many of the new products of the late nineteenth century impact the lives of urban families?

Gotta love those chain stores, the pinnacle of our refined civilization: How were the early chain stores similar to those of today? How were the mail-order catalogs similar to todayπs internet? Examples?

How did department stores transform the shopping experience?

Know a little about women as consumers?

How was leisure redefined? (Donπt you find this interesting? I do.)

Different classes and races didnπt mingle together during leisure time? Upper and middle class v. working class entertainment? Isnπt it still the same today?

Compare/contrast the rise of baseball with that of football. What other spectator sports became popular ?

What were the main sorts of popular entertainment in the cities in the late 19^th century?

Whatπs up with Birth of a Nation?

What did the working class people get out of saloons?

4^th of July?

Dime novels?

What newspaper chains emerged? Names please.

What issues did realist novelists explore? Who were the leading realists? Their books? (Crane, Sinclair, Dreiser, Norris, Chopin, Adams, James)

By 1900, what developments in American visual art were becoming evident? Modernism, Homer and Whistler

How did Darwinism challenge traditional American faith and contribute to the growing schism between rural and urban values?

What were the basic ideas of Pragmatism? William James

Describe the evolution of free public schooling in the United States. What parts of the nation lagged in education?

What government and private actions combined to lead the establishment or significant expansion of universities and colleges after the Civil War?

What opportunities for higher education were available to women in the era? What were the distinctive characteristics of the womenπs colleges?

Land grant institutions

Womenπs colleges

Study terms for American History Chapter 18