The Growth of Sectionalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction

1848-1877

UNIT VII: APUSH

(2 weeks)

Essential Question (EQ)

Can diversity and unity coexist?

How can we successfully resolve conflict?

Reading Assignments

Date --reading completed

____________________ American History Chapter 13 (pp. 355-368)

____________________ American History, Chapter 14

____________________ American History, Chapter 15

Free Response Questions (one will be an in-class essay)ãcreate an outline for each.

Part A. The American Civil War was an ineluctable event that Americans, on both sides, sought to effect rather than avert. AVS.--outline.

Part B. Analyze the extent to which the Reconstruction of the South was a successful attempt to extend American principles of equity and justice and to rebuild the South, politically and economically.

Major Assignments/Projects and Assessment (There will also be minor homework assignments and quizzes that are not mentioned on this sheet.)

Date to be completed

__________________ Two debates

__________________ In-class essay

__________________ Free Response Question Outlines due

__________________ Unit 6 exam

Study terms for The American Pageant

Identify/Define and state the historical significance of:

13 The Impending Crisis

Wilmot Proviso; arguments for and against.

Competing plans for the slavery issue

Election of 1848

Free-Soil party (ideas and what did its emergence signal?)

What part did the issue of slavery play in the election of 1848?

California gold rush; its effect on non-Indian pop.

Forty-niners

Chinese in cal

Labor shortage and Indian hunters (effect on Indian pop) and Indian slavery

Californiaπs ever present racial diversity

Taylorπs solution to the slavery issue

Congressπs concerns with Taylorπs plan for CA statehood

Clayπs proposal

Calhounπs wacky proposal

William H, Seward

Jefferson Davis

Stephen Douglas

Millard Fillmore

Douglasπs strategy for passing the Compromise

Elements of the Compromise of 1850 (know them). Compare it to the Missouri Compromise

How did the political parties react to the Compromise of 1850?

Election of 1850

What happened to the Whigs?

Free soil party and john P. Hale

Northern defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act

What was the ≥young America≤ movement? What national sentiment did it reflect? Who were its spokespersons? What did it accomplish?

Ostend Manifesto

How did the issue of a transcontinental railroad help to reopen the sectional controversy?

Gadsden Purchase

How did the North react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? The south? What effect did ti have on the Whigs? The Democrats?

Who were the Republicans? What caused their formation? Which groups comprised this party, and what was the partyπs platform?

Election of 1854

What problems were faced in the attempt to organize a legitimate government in Kansas? Why did these problems arise? How was it that Kansas became a battleground of the sectional controversy? What role did Pierce play?

Bleeding Kansas

John Brown and the Pattawatomie Massacre

Preston Brooks and the caning of Charles Sumner

Free soil ideology and the slave power conspiracy

How did free-soil ideology strengthen the Republican commitment to the union?

What were the elements of the Southπs proslavery response? Who were its major spokesmen?

Election of 1856

Effects of panic of 1857

Describe the details of the DredScott case

What was Taneyπs decision in the Scott case? Explain his reasoning.

How was the Missouri Compromise killed by the Scott decision? How did both sides of the slavery issue respond to the decision?

What was Buchananπs response to the decision?

Buchananπs response to Kansas

Lecompton Convention and Buchananπs response

How was the Kansas issue eventually resolved

Stephen Douglas

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln-Douglas debates

How did Lincoln and Douglas differ on the issue of slavery?

How did the election of 1858 help Lincoln?

Who was John Brown? What did he do at Harperπs Ferry VA, and what were the results of this incident?

How did the election of 1860 divide democrats?

Constitutional union party

Republican party platform

Results of election of 1860

Chapter 14 The Civil War

Which was the first state to secede? Why is this not surprising? (Brinkley doesnπt make this point, but you should be able to)

Which were the first 7 states to secede?

What was Buchananπs response to secession and the Confederate seizure of federal forts?

Describe the Crittenden Compromise. Why did it fail?

What was Lincolnπs opinion on the legality of secession, and how was that opinion reflected in his action concerning Fort Sumter?

Lincolnπs plan to support Fort Sumter and southern response

Next four states to secede

Was the war inevitable?

Describe the idea of ≥two distinct and incompatible civilizations.≤

What were the advantages of each side?

What did the Southerners believe about the ≥dependence of the English and French textile industries on American cottonä.≤?

Describe the Republican partyπs nationalistic program (economic policty? Why was it easy to enact?

Homestead Act

Morrill Land Grant Act (It made UC Berkeley possible)

Transcontinental railroad

National Banks Act

How did the union propose to finance the war? Give the details of each. How successful was this? What was the effect on the economy?

What was the state of the Union military at the beginning of 1861? What was Lincolnπs plan? Congress? How successful was the voluntary system of recruitment?

Describe the reason for and details of the draft law. Public response?

Draft riots

What were Lincolnπs characteristics as leader? How were these characteristics reflected in his selection and use of his cabinet?

How did Lincoln boldly (and liberally) use the war powers of the presidency? Why didnπt he declare war?

What was Lincolnπs greatest political problem?

Peace Democrats or Copperheads and Lincolnπs response

Clement Vallandigham

Ex parte Merryman and Ex parte Milligan

Election of 1864

Union Party

What were the two factions in the Republican party after the election of 1864, and what issue divided them?

Thaddeus Stevents

Charles Wade

Charles Sumner

Confiscation Acts

Emancipation Proclamation; what factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation proclamation? What did the proclamation really accomplish? When did full emancipation really come?

13^th amendment

How many African-Americans served as soldiers,etc. for the Union? What did they do?

54^th Mass. infantry

Compare black and white mortality rates and pay

What impact did the Civil War have on the Northern industrial economy?

How did the Civil War affect the Northern economy?

Hard times for workers

Unions

What impact id the Civil War have on women in the North? What part did women play in the war effort?

US Sanitary commission and dominance of women in nursing

Nursing and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles

How did most men die during the war?

Explain the origins of the Confederate government. How did its constitution differ from that of the United States? Who were its chosen leaders, and what problems did they face?

Jefferson Davis

Southern divisions

How did the confederacy attempt to finance the war? What problems did it face, and what were the results?

Problems with Confederate currency

Inflation in the south

How did the Confederacy propose to raise troops for the war? How did these plans compare with those of the Union, and how successful were they? Why?

Manpower shortage and desperate measures

Why was statesπ rights the ≥great dividing force≤ in the Confederacyπ war effort? What caused this division, and what was the effect?

Centralization of the Confederate government

How did the Civil War affect the Southern economy? How did it ≥transform≤ Southern society?

How was this transformation like that which took place in the North? How was it different?

New roles of women and the gender imbalance

What was the Southπs strategy to win the war? The Northπs?

What problems did Lincoln have in choosing a good chief of staff? What process did he take to finally find a reliable commander? Who was it?

In what way did Grant agree with Lincoln, regarding strategy? Describe their working relationship.

Committee on the conduct of War

How was Davis different than Lincoln in regard to running the military? Why was Lincoln more successful at this?

Robert E. Lee

Why were Sherman and Grant particularly successful?

Amateur officers

Effects of Union blockade

Monitor and Merrimac (Virginia)

Naval support in land operations

What were the foreign policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy? How did each attempt to achieve these objectives, which was most successful, and why?

Judah P. Benjamin and William S. Seward

What was the European response to the war? Who supported which side, and why?

King cotton diplomacy; why did it fail?

Response of English workers

Why didnπt Europeans offer diplomatic recognition to the South?

Problems with Britain

Trent Affair

Alabama, florida, and Shenandoah (US actually got Britain to pay 15 million in 1871 for this.)

What was fighting like in the West?

Guerilla war in the west (William quantrill and the Jayhawkers)

How did Indians align themselves during the war?

High casualties

How was the Civil War unlike any war fought before it? (new weapons and battle techniques)

Other types of less central weapon technologies that were nonetheless important?

Why was the railroad so important and how did it affect battle plans?

What role did the telegraph play in the war?

Battle of Bull Run (Manasses). What happened, and how did it affect Union morale?

What state stayed in the Union as a result of Wilsonπs Creek (battle of)?

How did West Virginia become a state?

Where did most fighting in 1862 occur?

Why did the Union want the Mississippi river?

Why was the fall of New Orleans so important?

Donπt worry about all those other western battles on page 394.

George McClellan. What was his weakness? (this what you really ought to know about the man)

What was McClellanπs plan in the Peninsular Campaign? Did he succeed?

What happened at the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Why is the Battle of Antietam significant? Why was it an opportunity squandered?

Ambrose e. Burnside (all you need to know is that he was a union general who didnπt do much)

Battle of Vicksburg

Leeπs reasons for a northern invasion in Pennsylvania

Battle of Gettysburg

Pickettπs Charge

U.S. Grant. What was his approach to war?

Grantπs two offensives

Overall character and losses of Wilderness campaign

Shermanπs capture of Atlanta and subsequent march to the sea.

Surrender at Appomattox courthouse Courthouse, Virginia

Impact of the Northπs victory

Chapter 15: Reconstruction and the New South

What effects did the Civil War have on the economy and social system of the South?
Myth of the lost cause
What did slaves do after obtaining freedom? What special problems did freedmen face immediately after the war? What efforts were made to help them?
Freedmanπs Bureau and Oliver O. Howard
How did Republicans take advantage of the absence of most Democrats from Congress during the Civil War? What political implications did the readmission of the Southern states pose for the Republicans?
What were the differences between the Conservative, Radical, and Moderate factions of the Republican Party during Reconstruction?
Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
What were the objectives and provisions of Lincolnπs plan for Reconstruction? How did Radical Republicans respond to it?
Wade-Davis Bill
The Death of Lincoln. How did it work to the advantage of militant Republicans?
Describe Andrew Johnsonπs approach to Reconstruction. How was it shaped by his political background and his personality?
What caused Northern attitudes to harden? Could they be blamed? (think about running into Alexander H. Stephens in the senate chambers, bizarre).
What did Southern state governments do during the ≥presidential Reconstruction≤ of 1865 and 1866? (black codes)
How did Congress respond to the Black Codes and other Southern state actions of 1865 and 1866?
Civil Rights Act of 1866 and Johnsonπs response
14^th amendment (this is considered by many to be the most significant of all amendments, so know it well)
What did Johnson do before the election of 1866? How did it blow up in his face?
What id the congressional elections of 1866 reveal about the public attitude toward Reconstruction? What were its results?
Explain the basic provisions of the congressional plan of Reconstruction of 1867. On what principle was it based?
15^th amendment
What measures did the Radical Republicans take to keep President Johnson and the Supreme Court from interfering with their plans?
Tenure of Office act and Command of the Army Act
Ex parte milligan 1866 and Congressπs response? What did the Supreme Court do after that?
Describe the impeachment of Johnson.
What three groups constituted the Republican Party in the South during Reconstruction?
Scalawags
carpetbaggers
Black freedmen
How did African-Americans play a role in politics of the Reconstruction?
How did the facts of political life in the Reconstruction states temper the chargers of black misrule?
What was the balance between corruption and positive accomplishment by the Reconstruction-era state governments in the South?
What gains in Southern education were made, and what patterns began to emerge during Reconstruction?
What changes in land distribution occurred in the South after the Civil War? How were the hopes of blacks mostly dashed?
Percentages of land ownership for whites and blacks
Sharecropping
Redistribution of per capita income between 1857 and 1879. misleading? How did the economic status of blacks compare with that of the average white Southerner?
Crop-lien system and its perils/effects
How did freedom affect black family life?
Black womenπs jobs; changing gender roles; black women working compared to white women. Married?
Election of 1868 (who helped Grant win?)
How was Hamilton Fish and exception to the rest of Grantπs cabinet?
Grant and the spoils system and corruption
Liberal Republicans
Election of 1872
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Whiskey Ring and Indian Ring
Panic of 1873
People in what financial condition were most likely to favor expansion of the currency supply with greenbacks (ie inflation)? What was done about the Greenback issue?	Answer: debtors: more greenbacks equals more money to pay off debts. Unfortunately for them, the Specie Resumption Act of 1879 ensured that Greenbacks would diminish in supply thus not helping debtors.
National Greenback Party
Sewardπs Folly (know this) and midway islands
Alabama claims of 1871
Why was it easier to ≥redeem≤ northern states in the South, as opposed to those farther south?
What tactics did white Southern Democrats use to restrict or control black suffrage?
Ku Klux Klan
Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 and their effect on the Klan
Why did Northern Republicans begin to take less interest in Reconstruction and the cause of the freedmen after about 1870?
Social darwinism
Shift from Radical to Liberal Republicans
Why was the presidential election of 1876 disputed? How was the controversy resolved by the ≥compromise of 1877≤?
What was Hayesπs objective in the South? Did he succeed?
What were the ideological limits of Reconstruction?
What were the socioeconomic and political characteristics of the ≥Redeemers≤ (Bourbons)?
How did the policies of the ≥redeemer≤ governments compare with those of the Reconstruction ≠era Administrations? (what were the similar characteristics of Redeemer/Bourbon governments of the New South?)
New South ideas
Romanticization of the Old South
Growth in the textile industry
James B. Duke and tobacco
Iron and steel industry in the South
Overall gains in manufacturing
What attracted industrialists to the South? (answer: wages were far below those in the Northãcheap labor, 1/2 the cost)
Jobs for African-workers (answer: menial labor, lowest-paid)
≥Convict-lease≤ system
Describe the typical pattern of Southern agriculture in the late and early twentieth centuries? What problems confronted most farmers?
Transformation of the backcountry
≥fence laws≤ (sort of (and only sort of) like the enclosure movement in England, eh?)
Describe the rise of the black middle class. How widespread were economic gains by Southern blacks?
What was Booker T. Washingtonπs prescription for black advancement?
How did the civil-rights cases of 1883 and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) substantially negate the effect of the equal protection clause of the 14^th amendment?
What strategies and legal devices did the Southern states use to evade the spirit of the 15^th amendment? (grandfather law or clause and Jim Crow laws)
How did Southern whites use lynching to control the black population. How did some whites, both Northern and Southern, respond?

finished