Antebellum American Society

1822-1860

UNIT VI: APUSH

(2 weeks)

Essential Questions (EQ)

How do reform movements influence a society?

Is the passive acceptance of a ≥wrong≤ as bad as active participation?

Reading Assignments

Date --reading completed

___________________ American History, Chapter 10

___________________ American History Chapter 11

___________________ American History Chapter 12

Free Response Questions:

Everyone must do the lone question for part A. Choose ONE from part B to do. Both are outlines.

1. Asses the degree to which religion has shaped American society by focusing on both the First and Second Great Awakenings. (requires some review, doesnπt it?)

B.

1. Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century. Assess the validity of this statement (AVS).

2. American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 had only a limited impact on the society they attempted to change. AVS in reference to reform movements in THREE of the following areas: Education, Temperance, Womenπs rights, Utopian experiments.

Major Assignments/Projects and Assessment (There will also be minor homework assignments and quizzes that are not mentioned on this sheet.)

Date to be completed

_________________ Chapters 7 and 10 test

_________________ Chapter 11 and 12 test (with a few questions from Chapt. 10)

Study terms for American History (I have to say Brinkley needs to do a bit more editing in this section of the book. Good luck!

Identify/Define and state the historical significance of (or simply answer questions I took from the study guide):

10

What caused the population increase bet. 1820 and 1840? What were the effects of this increase? (American pop. statistics, 1790 to 1840)

What population shifts took place bet. 1820 and 1840, and how did they affect political divisions?

Rapid urbanization. Internal migration. Percentage of pop. in cities. Causes for growth of cities.

Why was the rise of NYC so phenomenal? What forces combined to make it Americaπs leading city?

Numbers of immigrants 1840 to 1850

Did immigrants settle in the South?

What were the major immigrant groups that came to the US and where did each settle? How many? How were these two groups different?

How did foreign-born people become a major fact on America political life 1820 and 1850?

Who responded negatively to the immigrants? How? (think Nativists)

American Native Party, Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, and Know-Nothings

Know the general stages of transportation development: Turnpike age; then canal age; then railroad age.

Why did Americans use water routes, when possible, rather than land? (advantages of water).

Use of steamboats)

How did Americans overcome geographical limitations of water travel? Who paid for canal development? (feds, states, private co.s?Why?)

Erie Canal and its influence; effect on New Orleans

Which region took lead in canal development? How did canals affect that section of the country? How did other sections follow? How did canals effect patterns of settlement?

Describe early railroad development in US/ problems, etc. What innovations aided rrs development? What were the advantages to usning rrs? How did canal co.s respond?

Describe the consolidation of railroads. Trunk lines. How did railroads weaken the connection between the NW and the South

How were railroads funded? The gov gave away free land? How much by 1850 Why?

How did innovations in communications and jouralism draw communities together? How did these innovations help divide the sections?

The Telegrah and Morse; Western Union

Associated Press

Journalism fueling sectional discord

What shifts in manf. Occurred? What business innovations occurred? What effect did this have on the general distribution of goods in America?

Change in retail distribution of goods

Rise of corporations and their advantages;

Problems with credit and banks

What forces contributed to the rise of the factory in the NE and how did this promote industrial development?

Factories in the textile and shoe industries

Stats on factory growth

Which region was the most industrial?

What role did American inventors and industrial ingenuity play in the growth of American Industry? Machine tools; interchangeable parts (eli whitney).

Technological innovations and patents. Goodyear, howe, singer

Merchant capitalism, the merchant class and influence on rise of factories via corporate organizations

How did the transformation of American ag conveniently result in an industrial labor suppy?

How did the textile mills recruit and use labor? What was the general response to the Lowell method, by worker and observer? What caused a breakdown in the system?

What was life and work like for women in Lowell? Contrast with women in European factory towns. What problems did these women have in adjusting to factory and factory-town life?

Economic advantages of immigrant labor

How did working conditions worsen?

How did the rise of American labor organizations (unions) work to protect themselves from the new economic order?

What was the ≥factory system≤ and how did it impact the American artisan tradition? What was the National Trade Union? What did it do?

Effect on Panic of 1837 on trade unions

What attempts were made to improve the lot of workers? What role did unions play in these attempts, and what was accomplished? (state laws).

≥express contract≤

Commonwealth v. Hunt 1847 (significance?)

Why were labor unions ≥on the whole≤ ineffective? How were the artisans unions different? What was their purpose?

Why wasnπt the American working class as effective in organizing as its English counterpart? (immigrants, ethnic divisions, etc.)

Why was the increasing wealth of America not widely or equitably distributed? That is, who did really well during the commercial revolution?

Give some stats.

Culture of the urban wealthy

Urban poor

African-american poverty

Why little class conflict? Absolute living standard? Social mobility?

Geographical mobility; politics as safety valve.

Rapidly expanding middle class

Growing class distinctions (houses, etc)

What ≥profound change in the nature and function of the family≤ took place during this era? What caused this change?

Falling birth rates and abortion

Inequalities bet. The sexes

Female ed.

Oberlin

New roles for women

What conditions put women in a ≥separate sphere,≤ and what were the characteristics of the new middle class womenπs culture?

What was the ≥cult of domesticity,≤ and what costs and benefits did it bring to middle-class women? Workingãclass women?

Women as custodians of moralityäand the home as refuge. (know this; itπs important) Iπll definitely ask you a question about this.

Costs of detachment

What caused the decline of farming in the Northeast? What did farmers in the Northeast do to overcome this decline, and what new patterns in ag. resulted?

What industries were found in the Northwest?

What was the basis of the economy in the Northwest? What was the average person like? What goods were produced there?

What was commercial agriculture; how did this influence agricultural specialization;

What was the greatest boost to ag in the NW?

Where were most of the goods produced in the Northwest marketed? What role did this play in pre-1860 sectional alignment? Describe the growing ties between the Northeast and Northwest.

What factors contributed to the growth and expansion of the Northwestπs economy? Who were the men responsible for this? (new ag. Techniques)

John Deere

McCormick Reaper

thresher

Why was the Northwest considered the most democratic of the three sections?

Religion in rural life

Read conclusion for a good summary for the causes and results of the Industrial Revolution

Chapter 11

What was ≥the most important economic development in the South of the mid-nineteenth century≤? What caused this, and what was its economic impact?

What were the ag. Regions in the south, and what crops were grown in them?

Why was cotton chosen over other crops? How did it become king?

Spread of cotton production: give stats

Deep south

Describe the weak status of industry in the south

What role did the the ≥business classes≤of the South Play in the regionπs economic development? What element was most important in this group? Why?

Describe the inadequate regional transportation system

De Bowπs Review

In what ways was the antebellum South a ≥colonial≤ economy? Reasons for colonial dependency

Cavalier image

Stats on slave owners? Did most whites own slaves?

How was it possible for the South to be seen as a society dominated by great plantations and wealthy landowning planters?

Planter aristocracy (were they really old moneyed aristocrats?)

Plantation management

Aristocratic values

Cult of honor

How were the roles of southern women similar to those in the North? Different? Explain.

Subordinate status of women

Plantation mistress

Female education

Other burdens on white women

Why did so few white women rebel against their role and position in society?

Who was the ≥typical white southerner≤? Describe him and the lives of southern ≥plain folk.≤

Describe their limited educational opportunities

Why didnπt non-slaveholding whites oppose the slaveholding oligarchy?

Who were the ≥hill people≤? what id they think of slavery? Later secession?

How were nonslave owning whites who lived among the plantation system attached to the system?

Describe the southern commitment to paternalism

Who were the ≥crackers≤? Why did they support the system of slavery? Why was there limited class conflict?

Why was slavery called the ≥peculiar institution≤? Why did slavery isolate the South from the rest of the world?

What were slave codes? What function did they have? How were they applied and what resulted from their violation?

Reality of slavery

How many slaves did most masters own? Where did most slaves live? Why did most slaves prefer living on plantations/

How was slave life shaped by the slaveπs relationship with his or her owner/

Task and gang systems

How did slave women have special burdens?

How did the health of slaves compare to that of whites?

How did the material conditions of slaves in the South compare to workers in the North and peasants and industrial workers in Europe? Why was America;s the only slave pop. that increased by natural production?

How did masters try to preserve the health of their slaves (Irish, etc)?:

Describe the work of household servants (house slaves)

What sexual abuse did slave women face?

How did slavery in the cities differ from slavery in the plantation/ What effect did urban slavery have on the ≥peculiar institution≤ and on the relationship between white and black?

Number of free blacks in the South; describe their livelihood

Tightened restrictions on Free Blacks

Explain the characteristics of the foreign and domestic slave trade. On what grounds was this trade criticized, and how did the South answer this criticism?

Describe the slavesπ complex responses to slavery. (sambo, etc)

What were the most widely recognized slave revolts? What did they accomplish?

Describe other methods of resistance.

What role did language and music play in sustaining racial pride and unity for slaves?

How was the Christian religion of slaves similar to and different than that of their masters?

What were the characteristics of slave marriage? What caused the need for a developed kinship network?

Paternal nature of slavery

Chapter 12

Read p. 320: What were the two impulses of reform?

Hudson River school

How was the work of James Fenimore Cooper the culmination of an effort to produce a truly American literature? (think link) What did his work suggest about the nation and its people?

Why can Whitman be considered the ≥poet of American democracy≤?

Herman Melville (trivia: heπs the ancestor of what present day pop star?)

Edgar Allen Poe

Donπt worry about southern romanticism.

Who were the transcendentalists? What was their philosophy, how id they express it in literature?

Ralph Waldo Emerson; ≥self-reliance≤

Henry David Thoreau; Walden; ≥Resistance to Civil Government≤

Transcendentalist beliefs at Brook Farm. What happened?

Nathaniel Hawthorneπs critique of transcendentalism

New Harmony and Robert Owen

Utopian communities and gender relations

Margaret Fuller

What went on at Oneida?

Shakers, Mother Ann Lee. Who led this group?

Who were the mormons? What were their origins? What did they believe, and why did they end up in Utah?

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

Describe the two distinct forces that shaped the ≥philosophy of reform.≤

Second Great Awakening and reform

Charles Grandison Finney

Revivalism in the ≥Burned-Over District≤

Finneyπs doctrine of personal regeneration

What gave rise to the temperance crusade? Describe its successes and failures

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance and the Washington temperance society

Cultural divisions over drinking

Origins of the Graham Cracker (if you care about this; I donπt)

Phrenology (donπt worry much about this)

Efforts to improve pub. Ed were a reflection of what two things?:

Horace Mann and his reforms.

Rapid growth in of public ed

Shortcomings in ed. Reform

Achievements of Educational reform

Benevolent empire

Schools and social order

Asylum movement

Dorothea Dix

Prison reform

penitentiaries

Indian reservation

Reform movements and their relationship to the rise of feminism

Grimke sisters, Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

How did the rise of feminism reflect not only the participation of women in social crusades, but also a basic change in the nature of the family?

1840 antislavery convention in London

Seneca Falls

Quakers and the womenπs movement

Limited progress for women

How did feminists benefit from their association with other reform movements, most notably abolitionists, and the same time suffer as a result?

American Colonization Society, goals and failures

What was the antislavery philosophy of William Lloyd Garrison? How did he transform abolitionism into a ≥new and dramatically different phenomenon?

American slavery society

Theodore Dwight Weld

Free blacks in the north

Free blacksπ commitment to abolition

David Walker Appeal to the Colored Citizens

Sojourner truth

Frederick Douglas

Why did many northern whites oppose the abolitionist movement? How did they show this opposition?

Elijah Lovejoy

What divisions existed within the abolitionist movement itself? (radicals/extremists v. moderates) How did each faction express its positions?

What efforts did abolitionists make to find political solutions to the question of slavery? How successful were they initially?

Amistad

Liberty Party and free-soil advocates

How did abolitionism attempt to arouse widespread public anger over slavery through the use of propaganda? What was the most significant work to emerge from this effort/ Why did it have such as an impact?

American Slavery as it Is

Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tomπs Cabin